Horizontal and Vertical Spacing
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Horizontal space
Horizontal space is possible with several commands. But not every solution makes it possible to have linebreaks inside a defined whitespace. Download the LaTeX source to see how it works.
Vertical Space for Chapter Title
Additionally to the predefined vertical spaces there is some space before a chapter title, between and behind the titel:
- space before -
Chapter 1
- space between -
The Chapter Tirle
- space below -
If you want a total vertical space of for example 2 inch, then write the following
in the preamble. For another space change one or all of the three values.
\makeatletter
\usepackage{calc}
\newlength{\topspace}
\setlength{\topspace}{2in% <---- the whole vertical space
-\topmargin% <--- predefined
-\headheight% ...
-\headsep% ...
-\topskip} ...
\def\@makechapterhead#1{%
\vspace*{\topspace}% <---- the space above
{\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
\if@mainmatter
\huge\bfseries \@chapapp\space \thechapter
\par\nobreak
\vskip 20\p@% <--- the space between Chapter # - title
\fi
\fi
\interlinepenalty\@M
\Huge \bfseries #1\par\nobreak
\vskip 40\p@% <---- the space below
}%
}%
\makeatother
Spacing in ToC/LoT/LoF/
The vertical space between entries are paragraph spaces, so simply use single space but another definition for the parskip:
\begingroup
\setlength{\parskip}{2\baselineskip}
\listoftables
\endgroup
or any other value than "2".
Phantom Space
To get equal inter-line spacing, you could increase the \baselineskip for the eqnarray, but that can be involved. For this case, maybe the best solution is to insert
\vphantom{\frac{1}{2}}
in the equation without a fraction.
(\phantom, \hphantom and \vphantom aren't mentioned in many
manuals, but they are defined. They leave blank space the size
of their argument.)
Quote, Quotation and Verse with another spacing
In a double- or oneandhalf-spced text it's sometimes better to write Quote, Quotation and Verse in single spacing. Than write in LaTeX preamble:
\makeatletter
\renewenvironment{verse}
{\let\\\@centercr
\begin{spacing}{1}\list{}{\itemsep \z@
\itemindent -1.5em%
\listparindent\itemindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
\item\relax}
{\endlist\end{spacing}\noindent\hspace{-0.333em}}
\renewenvironment{quotation}
{\begin{spacing}{1}\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
\itemindent \listparindent
\rightmargin \leftmargin
\parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}%
\item\relax}
{\endlist\end{spacing}\noindent\hspace{-0.333em}}
\renewenvironment{quote}
{\begin{spacing}{1}\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
\item\relax}
{\endlist\end{spacing}\noindent\hspace{-0.333em}}
\makeatother
You can change the value for the spacing. But remeber that these redefinitions only work if you have in
layout->document->linespacing other than single spacing! Otherwise write in preamble \usepackage{setspace}.
linebreak behind paragraph-style
some document classes have no linebreak behind the subsubsection and paragraph. for subsubsection change paragraph into subsubsection:
\makeatletter
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
{-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
{1.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
{\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}
\makeatother
Space over/under Section/Subsection/...-Title
example for the article.cls. look at the specific class-files for section, subsection,... the definitions are always similar to this one of section. For a standard latex installation the class-files are stored in /usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/base/
in latex preamble
\makeatletter
\newlength{\mySpaceUnder}
\newlength{\mySpaceOver}
\setlength{\mySpaceUnder}{4cm plus .2ex} % 4cm as an example ;-)
\setlength{\mySpaceOver}{3cm plus -1ex minus-.2ex} % 3cm as an example
\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
{\mySpaceOver}%
{\mySpaceUnder}%
{\normalfont\Large\bfseries}}
\makeatother
use of package titlesec makes it just a little bit easier. It's part of the installed latex or available at CTAN for download. Maybe that it differs to the different classes, have a look at it.
Vertical Spacing
- Package setspace from CTAN for individual spacing in a text, which is the best choice
(read also http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace)
or
- \renewcommand\baselinestretch{factor} (valid behind the next new fontsize)
factor=1.0 is the document-wide chosen standard. Remember, that this is not the best choice for vertical linespacing!
- \addtolength{\parskip}{-0.2cm} for changing the vertical space between paragraphs
- \addtolength{\parskip}{+0.2cm} for changing to your old parskip
- put the cursor in the last line (following space) or first line (before space) and do
a
\clearpage
or - \vspace{length in any valid unit}, negative Space is possible!
or - \vspace{\fill} for filling up the page with vertical space.
- \vspace*{length in any valid unit} for vertical space at the beginning of a page.